| dc.identifier.citation | Labinska B., Cherska Zh, Bukhinska T., Semen H., Hladkoskok L. Phraseological units with "heart" component in the English, German and Ukrainian languages. Erbe der europäischen wissenschaft philosophie, philologie, geschichte, Kunstwissenschaft. Monographie. Heritage of european science: engineering and technology, informatics, security. Karlsruhe: SWorld-NetAkhatAV, 2020. Book 1. Part 7. S. 37–48 | uk_UA |
| dc.description.abstract | Researchers have dealt with the complex issue of a phraseological unit since the
first attempts to systematize word combinations by degree of stability. Works by the
founder of the phraseology theory Ch. Bally, as well as prominent scientists V.V.
Vinogradov, A.V. Kunin,and N.M. Shansky are devoted to this issue. Some scholars,
supporters of the equivalence theory, consider phraseological units to be formations
identical to words (Alyokhina1979). I. Zykovanotes thatthe theories and approaches
that form a traditional view of phraseological meaning have contributed much to the
understanding of its essence and to the description of its specifics (Zykova
2016).Others support the theory of the relation between the word and the
phraseological unit (Kunin1996), which, in our view, reflects the essence of the
problem more adequately.
As a more complicated unit, a phraseological unit is able to convey a concept
more fully (and thus more accurately) than a word. While designating an object or a
person, a feature, a mode of action, etc., a phraseological unit also gives additional
information on them. Furthermore, a phraseological expression is much more
expressive than lexical, because it is often figurative. To determine the content of a
phraseological unit, it is necessary to establish its most characteristic differential
features.
The constituent components of the phraseological unit, having lost their
independent meaning, generally express the meaning of the phraseological unit,
which is not derived from the meanings of its components. The first differential
feature of a phraseological unit is that it has a special meaningwhich a free word
combination does not possess.
In structural and semantic terms, phraseological units are more complex entities
because the meaning of a phraseological unit is expressed not by one word, but by the
obligatory combination of two or more components. The components of a
phraseological unit are the prototype words with their own forms of word paradigm,
capable of functioning outside the phraseological unit. Phraseological units are
characterized by the phenomena of synonymy and antonymy, that is, they are capable
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of forming independent synonymic sets and antonymic pairs. They are more
pronounced in emotional and expressive terms. The presence of components is the
second differential feature of a phraseological unit.
Components of a phraseological unitare constituent parts, and there are no
formal semantic relations and connections between words which exist in ordinary
word combinations. Acting as a unity of content and form, a phraseological unit is
regarded as an independent unit of language, capable of interacting with other units
of language in semantic and grammatical relations, and therefore has grammatical
categories, i.e. perform a separate syntactic function. Thus, the presence of
grammatical categories in a phraseological unit is also one of its distinct features.
The phraseological unit acts in each case as a ready-made form. It is contrasted
in language and speech with those units that emerge by the familiar pattern and by
certain rules. Reproducibility can be regarded as the most common property for
phraseological units that differ in the degree of idiomatic nature, the nature of
metaphoricity and grammatical structure.
The peculiarity of the phraseological unit is the complete or partial
reinterpretation of the meaning formed as a result of the semantic shift of the literal
meanings of the variable word groups or components of the phraseological unit.
Phraseological units are not created during communication, but are reproduced as a
ready-made unit, that is, they are characterized by stability of composition. However,
the meaning of any derivative of a particular word is motivated by the meaning of the
lexical unit from which it was derived while the meaning of a phraseological unit is
not determined by the meaning of its individual components.
The semantic scope of the meaning of the phraseological unit does not coincide
with the semantic meaning of the word. A small number of lexical and semantic
variants limit the semantic structure of a word in three languages. Instead, the
semantic structure of phraseological units is much wider and has a higher intensity of
expression.
The lexical meaning is determined by morphemes, but the extent of their
participation in its formation is not the same. Root morphemes carry the main
semantic load. The semantic expression role of word-forming affixes is much
smaller. Morphemes in word structure have more specialization than the components
of the phraseological unit. One can distinguish a separate component in a
phraseological unit, which acts as a semantic center and carries the main semantic
load (Zhukov 1978s. l.), but its role in the structure of the phraseological unit is
significantly different from the root morpheme in the structure of the word. The
selection of the semantic center of the phraseological unit helps in compiling the
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relevant dictionaries. This issue remains complex and phraseological dictionaries
often contain references to other phraseological units, whereas in the case of lexical
units, alphabetical ordering does not cause much difficulty.
Comparing phraseological units with their lexical synonyms, I.M. Vyslobodska
rightly remarks that phraseological units and their lexical synonyms express the same
meanings differently, that is, they are two different types of nomination (Vyslobodska
2002: 58). Only some phraseological units have one-word lexical correspondences.
Sometimes it is impossible to convey the meaning of a phraseological unit in one
word. This is usually a phrase, explanatory phrase, or whole sentence, especially
when it comes to communicative phraseological units. | uk_UA |
